# Ipamorelin References: The Sources Behind Every Claim

> Ipamorelin references — the full citation list behind this digest, with PubMed links and DOIs for every study cited on the mechanism, gut-motility, and safety pages.

Every number on this site traces back to one of these. Click through — that's the point.

## How to read this list

Each entry below matches a bracketed number used across the site. Where a study tested a *related* compound rather than ipamorelin itself — the class-level cardiac study [6] and the CJC-1295 pharmacology, for instance — that's stated plainly in the text where it's cited. Several entries are reviews providing mechanistic context rather than ipamorelin-specific results; those are flagged too. The full citation, PubMed link, and DOI (where one exists) are in the list.

## References

[1] Raun K, Hansen BS, Johansen NL, Thogersen H, Madsen K, Ankersen M, Andersen PH. Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue. Eur J Endocrinol. 1998;139(5):552-561. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9849822/
[2] Gobburu JV, Agerso H, Jusko WJ, Ynddal L. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of ipamorelin, a growth hormone releasing peptide, in human volunteers. Pharm Res. 1999;16(9):1412-1416. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10496658/
[3] Beck DE, Sweeney WB, McCarter MD; Ipamorelin 201 Study Group. Prospective, randomized, controlled, proof-of-concept study of the ghrelin mimetic ipamorelin for the management of postoperative ileus in bowel resection patients. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2014;29(12):1527-1534. (NCT00672074) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25331030/
[4] Johansen PB, Nowak J, Skjaerbaek C, Flyvbjerg A, Andreassen TT, Wilken M, Orskov H. Ipamorelin, a new growth-hormone-releasing peptide, induces longitudinal bone growth in rats. Growth Horm IGF Res. 1999;9(2):106-113. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10373343/
[5] Lu Z, Ngan MP, Liu JYH, Yang L, Tu L, Chan SW, Giuliano C, Lovati E, Pietra C, Rudd JA. The growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a agonists, anamorelin and ipamorelin, inhibit cisplatin-induced weight loss in ferrets: Anamorelin also exhibits anti-emetic effects via a central mechanism. Physiol Behav. 2024;284:114644. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39043357/
[6] Stokes AH, Falls JG, Yoon L, Cariello N, Faiola B, Colton HM, Jordan HL, Berridge BR. Integrated approach to early detection of cardiovascular toxicity induced by a ghrelin receptor agonist. Int J Toxicol. 2015;34(2):151-161. (Tested compound is GSK894281, a related GHS-R1a agonist, not ipamorelin.) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25722321/
[7] Zatorski H, et al. Relamorelin and other ghrelin receptor agonists - future options for gastroparesis, functional dyspepsia and proton pump inhibitors-resistant non-erosive reflux disease. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2017;68:797-805. (Review of the ghrelin-agonist class; relevant to ipamorelin via shared GHS-R1a mechanism.) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29550791/
[8] Van der Ploeg L, et al. Preclinical gastrointestinal prokinetic efficacy and endocrine effects of the ghrelin mimetic RM-131. Life Sci. 2014;109:20-29. (Comparative potency study of the ghrelin-mimetic class, which includes ipamorelin-related peptides.) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24931905/
[9] Venkova K, Mann W, Nelson R, Greenwood-Van Meerveld B. Efficacy of ipamorelin, a novel ghrelin mimetic, in a rodent model of postoperative ileus. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2009;329(3):1110-1116. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19289567/
[10] Greenwood-Van Meerveld B, Tyler K, Mohammadi E, Pietra C. Efficacy of ipamorelin, a ghrelin mimetic, on gastric dysmotility in a rodent model of postoperative ileus. J Exp Pharmacol. 2012;4:149-155. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27186127/
[11] Sallam HS, Chen JD. The prokinetic face of ghrelin. Int J Pept. 2010;2010:493614. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20721347/
[12] Hansen TK, et al. Highly potent growth hormone secretagogues: hybrids of NN703 and ipamorelin. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2001;11:1915-1918. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11459660/
[13] Peschke B, et al. The influence of conformational restriction in the C-terminus of growth hormone secretagogues on their potency. Eur J Med Chem. 2002;37:487-501. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12204475/
[14] Chan CB, et al. Stimulation of growth hormone secretion from seabream pituitary cells in primary culture by growth hormone secretagogues is independent of growth hormone transcription. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 2004;139:77-85. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15556068/
[15] Yeung CM, et al. Seabream ghrelin: cDNA cloning, genomic organization and promoter studies. J Endocrinol. 2006;189:365-379. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16648303/
[16] Adeghate E, Ponery AS. Mechanism of ipamorelin-evoked insulin release from the pancreas of normal and diabetic rats. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2004;25(6):403-406. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15665799/
[17] Lall S, Tung LY, Ohlsson C, Jansson JO, Dickson SL. Growth hormone (GH)-independent stimulation of adiposity by GH secretagogues. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001;280(1):132-138. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11162489/
[18] Lawrence CB, Snape AC, Baudoin FM, Luckman SM. Acute central ghrelin and GH secretagogues induce feeding and activate brain appetite centers. Endocrinology. 2002;143(1):155-162. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11751604/

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A bright, plain-English reading of the ipamorelin research — the clean GH pulse and the gut-motility data up front, the lone failed human trial and the missing long-term safety in plain sight; no clinic, no prescription, and absolutely nothing for sale.